So I'm at this art gallery the other day, and one of my fancy-pants pals says to me, "Wigwam..."
OK, start over. I'm lying.
I was at McDonald's, stuffing a
Quarter Pounder with Cheese Value Meal into my gaping maw, and I was reading the newspaper while I did it. I read this news story about the fact that the
US population will surpass 300 million sometime this year, probably in October 2006. 300 million? That's a lot:
NY Times - 300 Million Oxygen Tarts - Click Here
When I was born (1961), The US population at that time was something like 179 million. So that's nearly double the population in 45 short, fat, bald years. That's a lot of gettin' bizzy. Bizzy!
And the world? Something just shy of 6.5 billion people. When I was born, world population was about 3 billion, so again, lots of folks getting bizzy - even more than in the USA. Wacky Europeans!
So what does all this mean?
Well, I'll tell you. 'Cause that's what your ol' pal Wiggy does. He shares. Isn't that nice? Yes, it is. Anyway, onward.
So, I really *was* at an art gallery the other night, where Mrs. Wiggy and I were attending a reception for the opening of a show that has a couple of my photographs in it. These:


One of them (the barn) sold right away - it was so cool, watching total strangers buy one of my photos, just because they liked it. Really fun, folks. I recommend it. Get yer Wiggy Wear now, before I'm famous again. You'll be able to tell all your friends that you knew me when I was a mere country-music legend and Master of Leash-Foo, let alone a famous
arteest!
Anyway, one of my friends and I were talking, and he asked me what the most important invention of the 20th century was. I know what you're thinking - and so was I.
Cable TV, right? I mean, where would we be without those classic
"Car 51" reruns late at night, and the Home Shopping Network?
He said I was wrong. He gave me a hint - this invention allowed a lot of people to be fed who otherwise would not have been. Ah! OK, I'm getting it. He must mean the
Popeil Pocket Fisherman. Remember those?

CLICK!
I mean, how many of us were driving down country roads, and suddenly we discovered we were hungry? So we waited until we drove over the next creek (there's one ever couple of miles), pulled over, and grabbed our Pocket Fisherman from our gloveboxes of our cars. I am not sure what we baited our hooks with - maybe we also had a small shovel and we quickly dug up a couple of worms. I am a little fuzzy on the details, but I get like that. Better twiddle my knobs a bit, or adjust my antenna.
But anyway, we stepped up to the babbling brook, tossed in our line, and within a few moments, we had a prize trout at our fingertips. I am guessing that somehow the Popeil Pocket Fisherman avoided the carp and gar, and just pulled out trophy fish - bluegill and such as that. Now, how did we cook those things? Maybe we had small camping outfits in the trunks of our cars. And then after we ate, we tied our dishes to a rope and tossed them in the creek to be cleaned by nature, while we sat back with a cold beer (we had a cooler in the back seat) and picked our teeth with a rib bone from the trout by a grassy bank. Somebody played a harmonica in the background and clouds overhead formed interesting shapes, and we probably took about a half-hour nap in the noonday sun and awoke feeling refreshed. Now, of course, we just stop at McDonald's. Modern times.
But no, it seems I was wrong again. Try harder, he says. This invention fed a LOT of people.

CLICK!Um...George Foreman grill?
No!
Hmm.
Well, I gave up.
Seems the answer is something I never expected. This scientist fella named
Fritz Haber invented a process to synthesize ammonia. Get this - he made it from natural gas and plain old air - which contains a lot of nitrogen in gaseous form. He passed it over an iron catalyst (don't understand this stuff, just I'm just saying) under a lot of pressure and some heat, and then he got ammonia for nearly free.

Ammonia? That smelly stuff your mom cleaned windows with? Yes.
What's so important about ammonia? I mean, I realize that it's really important that we have clean windows, but I'm not sure what that has to do with feeding the world.
Wikipedia - Ammonia - Click Here and Mind the Smell
The deal is, ammonia is what is used to make solid nitrogen, which is used in fertilizer. No ammonia, no nitrogen. No nitrogen, no fertilizer. With me so far?
So, my fellow 6,500,000,000 droogies, there would be a lot less of us today if we didn't have non-organic fertilizer. Yes, we could still grow crops - the old-fashioned way, with lots and lots of what living things in general and politicians in particular seem to produce lots of. But it is not the same. Crop yields have shot up by amazing leaps and bounds since we started churning out bags of synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizer. We really have fed the world - we could not sustain a population this size without it.
Our world would be so much smaller. About 3 billion is all our planet could have sustained with the technology of the times prior to Fritz Haber and his invention. So 3.5 billion people are here today that would not be alive - they'd either have not been born, or they'd have starved to death.
My friend was right. It was not Ron Popeil, nor even George Foreman, whom we had to thank for feeding the world. It was Fritz Haber, a German scientist who invented this synthetic ammonia stuff and patented it back in 1910. He won a Nobel Prize for it, too:
Fritz Haber and the Nobel Prize - clicky clicky here
Now it seems that NPR did a story on Fritz Haber a few years back, which I subsequently found and have re-read:
NPR - Fritz Haber
And there is more, such as Wikipedia's entry:
Wikipedia Entry - Fritz Haber - Clickz Herez
In fact, there's a bunch of websites devoted to Fritz Haber. Just Google for his name. But none of them seem to connect up all the dots, which I'm about to; stand by.
Speaking of the
Nobel Prize - you know why that prize exists, right? It was created by the directions found in the last Will and named for
Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite. He was apparently horrified to find that his invention, which he created to make handling nitroglycerine safer (it had killed his brother and many others who handled it to do construction projects), was being used as well for military uses. One could say that in addition to making things like the massive bridges and dams of the 20th century possible, Nobel also created the means for their destruction in times of war.
Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prize - Clickster
Seems old Fritz had a bit of that good/bad thing in him, as well. Feeding the world is a pretty cool thing, you have to admit. All those people who won't starve tonight - because we can get more yields from crops, thanks to the invention of synthetic ammonia. How can that be bad?
Well, let's start with Fritz Huber himself. He was born a Jew in Prussia (now Poland) in 1868. It is only significant that he was Jewish in that he converted to Christianity in 1892 at the age of 24. He was a brilliant student and it was said that he would have excelled in any field he chose - but he chose chemistry. He lived and worked in Germany and considered himself German. It was said that he continued to associate with his Jewish friends, and caught a lot of hell from his Christian colleagues for his Jewish background. How he put up with that crap, I'll never know.
However, it is important to understand that Huber considered himself a loyal German. So much so that he served in the German Army during WWI, and was made a Captain - in charge of chemical warfare. He felt that a scientist belonged to the world during peace, but to his or her nation during war. Most of the blame for the many, many deaths by chemical warfare in WWI could be laid at his feet - he invented the processes, and he came up with
Haber's Rule - that low dosage and long term exposure to toxins was just as deadly as high dosages for a short time. He argued that chemical warfare should only be used by Germany if Germany was definitely going to win the war - otherwise, not. Presumably, because he foresaw how the world would view the vanquished when the vanquished had used mustard gas on their boys in the trenches. Fritz defended chemical warfare; "death is death," he argued. In any case, the Allies soon put their own Nobel prize winner in chemistry up against Huber, and they inflicted massive damage on the Germans as well; this Huber can also be given responsibility for. It was later found that the German army was not interested in using chemical warfare at first - Haber funded the research on his own initiative and presented it as a 'done deal' to the German High Command, who then accepted the middle-aged professor into the German Army and made him a Captain.
The story is told, and seems to be accepted as fact, that Haber's wife, who was against his involvement in chemical warfare, shot herself through the heart at a dinner party in front of the guests as a protest of the first use of his deadly toxins in warfare. He left the next morning, abandoning her body to be dealt with by others, and he went to the Eastern Front.
The company that he had founded to synthesize ammonia, which was largely made from air and natural gas, was turned to military use by Germany - it seems that nitrogen made from ammonia is also a really good high explosive (more shades of Alfred Nobel, it seems). Thus Haber contributed in two massive ways to the power of Germany during WWI, and some say his high explosives extended the war for years beyond what otherwise would have happened.
After the war, Haber went back to his university, Copenhagen Polytechnic Institute, teaching and doing research. He invented a firedamp whistle to protect miners, which I guess is pretty cool. You might recognize the name of the school - Haber was teaching with Niels Bohr, Albert Einstein - giants all.
He was still deeply involved in chemical poisons - but was prevented by law from doing research into chemical warfare. So he created a new company, German Society for Pest Control, which he used to sell a chemical compound he invented to control insects that threatened crops.
During the years running up to WWII, the Nazis came after Haber. He was called "That Jew Haber" and pressured to leave Germany. His conversion to Christianity didn't matter at all. His staff, mostly Jewish, were all fired. Haber himself was not physically threatened, too many remembered his previous service to Germany. But he asked for an invitation to emigrate to Switzerland, which they refused. He then turned to England, and was invited to teach at Cambridge, which he accepted, although he disliked the English weather and complained bitterly about the winters.
He died of heart disease in 1933 while moving between England, Palestine, and Switzerland - trying to find a climate that agreed with him. What he did not know what that his insect killer, which he had named Zyklon B, would soon be used to murder his own friends and relatives in Nazi concentration camps who had not escaped Germany before the Holocaust.
And that's not all...
What's more - the very nitrogen created from synthesized ammonia that has fueled this massive rise in the human population - well, it is in darned near everything these days. It is in the oceans, in the soil and groundwater, in the air we breathe.
Wikipedia - Eutrophication - Clicky
Some say the land itself can't take much more. Extensive use of nitrogen has created areas of farming where the land was too weak to support crops, and has increased yields by huge amounts on arable land - but now has stopped increasing yields. The Soviet Union and communist China discovered through the massive use of chemical fertilizers that crop yields began to level off at a certain point - they can't simply apply more fertilizer and get even more of an increase. We're giving the earth a right good shagging, and we've gotten all we're going to get, barring another breakthrough by another Haber.
You've heard of Red Tide? This is a deadly algae bloom in the water, caused by...tah dah! Too much nitrogen and phosphorus in the water:
Wikipedia - Red Tide - CLICK Dang Burn It
Others say that it is not Haber (and his partner Bosch) who are responsible - and even that nitrate-based fertilizer is not the problem some think it is:
Nitrogen on the Land: Overcoming the Worries - Clickah
But getting back to the original question. What's the most important invention of the twentieth century, and you'd better not be saying the Popeil Pocket Fisherman, either. Synthetic ammonia, but an amoral scientist who gave us more - and took away more - than he ever knew, or history ever cared to address.
I considered calling this rant
'The Man Who Killed the World', but I thought that might be a little over the top. Still, no one hears about this fella. And why not? This roller-coaster of a story, this train-wreck of a human life, makes "A Beautiful Mind" look like Ozzie and Harriet.

So I'm calling it,
'The Good, The Bad, and The Hungry'. Somebody ought to write this movie - starring Brad Pitt, I guess. Me, I still favor the George Foreman Grill. But that's me. I'm a simple guy.
Eh Films - Full of It - Clack Here
Make Peace, Not Nitrogen,
Wiggy